![]() The concentrations of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were within the pollution range in the urban soils of Mexico and Italy 7. Cadmium (Cd) contamination in urban soils is reportedly severe in Asia and Australia 6. Studies conducted around the world confirmed that heavy metal pollution in urban soils has been exacerbated in magnitude and extent over the last decades 2, 4. Even though urban soils constitute almost 3% of terrestrial land area, approximately 55% of the earth population as of 2018 reside in urban areas 1, 5. Many compounds and urban waste that find their ways into the soils contain element compounds, such as heavy metals known to be toxic and fatal to living organisms which may persist in urban soils for a long time, thereby threatening human, animal, and environmental health 4. However, rapid urbanization and subsequent release of urban contaminants from anthropogenic activities, e.g., vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and waste disposal, imposes a progressive pressure on urban soil resources 2, 3. Green infrastructures provide multiple environmental services within urban settings, e.g., soil carbon storage, rainstorm buffering, and air quality improvement 1. Urban soils located within and around the suburban and marginal areas are key elements of urban ecosystems which play an essential role in the life quality of urban citizens. The total carcinogenic risk was ranged from 5.88E−05 to 1.17E−04 for children and from 1.17E−04 to 2.30E−04 for adults, which implies a greater associated health risk for children. When compared to the non-urban soils, EF implies a significant increase of all metals in the urban soil, downgrading this index from minimal enrichment (EF Regosols (66.1%) > Cambisols (59.8%) > Calcisols (47%). The results indicate a significant increase in the concentration of all metals in urban farmlands. A multifaceted assessment was conducted using enrichment factor (EF), ecological risk (ER), bioconcentration factor (BCF), transmission factor (TF), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR). This study provides insight into the urbanization controls on combined pollution severity and health risk potential of heavy metals in corn-cultivated urban versus non-urban soils. The contamination of urban soils with heavy elements due to the rapid development of urbanization and urban services has become a major environmental and human health challenge. ![]()
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